Introduction and Definition
Study of human body is performed under two disciplines i.e anatomy and psychology anatomy means structure and physiology means function,
Anatomy is a branch of Medical Science which involves the Study of different Structure of human body and physiology is the study of function of these structure.
Definstions related study of human body.
1. Gross anatomy - is also known as topographical Anatomy or regional anatomy. It involve the study of those Anatomical structures which Can be Seen with the naked eye.
2. Microscopic Anatomy- is the Study the Microscopy anatomical structures Like cell, tissue and orgon of the body using a microscope.
3.Comparative Anatomy - The Composition of both anatomical structures Gross and Microscopic present in different animal is Study in this branch of Anatomy.
4.System Anatomy : the Study of Structure of different parts of an Organ System is termed as Systemic anatomy, On The basis of Organ System, t is differently for éach System of human body.
For eg. 1. Determetoly- it is the study of Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails)
2. Endocrinology- it is the study of the endocrine or hormonal system.
3. Neurology- it is the study of nervous system.
5.Developmental anatomy- The growth and development of a organism throughout its life is studied under developmental anatomy Embryology is a specific field that involves the study of embryo and development (till birth)
Scope of Anatomy and Physiology
anatomy and physiology together form the foundation of medical
Sciences, their scope is vast that can be summarised in following terms:
Study of human anatomy provides an essential understanding of physiology and pathophysiology.
base for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology
2) Human anatomy and physiology is helpful in the study of human
do evolution and development.
3). Inquiring into fascinating complexity of the structure
the human body,
4).. Mass therapy and athletics health related field training.
5).As a foundation for advanced scientific studies.
6) For understanding the pathology of disease and pathological changes
7) For determining the technique of surgeries.
Levels of Structural Organisation
Human body is a six-levelled organised structure:-
1) Molecular Level or Chemical Level,
2) Cellular Level.
3) Tissue Level 4) Organ Level,
5) System Level or Organ-System Level
6) Organism Level.
Molecular Level/Chemical Level
Chemically, human body is formed by various elements. like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. The whole mass of the human body is made up of 26 elements which can be divided as:
- Major elements:- include Oxygen (O), Carbon (C),Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) which forms 96% of the total body weight.
2) Minor Elements: Body contain eight minor elements, i.e., Calcium(Ca). Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Sodium (Na). Chloride (CI). Magnesium (Mg), and Iron (Fe). These elements form 3.8% of the total body mass.
3).Trace Elements: These are additional elements required in trace amounts or in very minute quantity. They form 0.2% of total mass of the body. (Trace elements include iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc,chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum, nickel, tin.vanadium, silicon, and boron.
Cellular level
A cell is a basis structures and functional unit of an organism . A human body is highly organised structure consisting of a large no. Cell that begins its like as a newly fertilised single cell known as zygote.
- A cell consists of cytoplasm, nuvleus and various other organelles. More than 75 trillion cell are present in the human body.
- Every cell have their own characteristics and perform the specific function ex-RBC (red blood cell) are specialised to carry oxygen nutrients.
Tissue level
- Group of cell and material surrounding them are form tissue. They work together to perform particular function eg- nervous tissue.
- All the organs and body parts are made up of different tissue for ex- different organs of the body are covered by epithelial tissue.
- In human body four type of tissue is present
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. connective tissue
Organ and organism level
- Different tissue are joint together and form the organ. (Stomach, liver, kidney, heart etc)
- Two or more different tissue combine together to perform a general function. For ex- stomach is an organ which consists four type of tissue and perform digestion of food.
System level or organ system level
- A system consists of two or more organs with structure and perform a general function ex- Digestive system is made up of mouth , stomach, small intestine, large intestine etc.
- There are 11 system present in human body :-
1. Digestive system
2. Muscular system
3. Integumentary system
4. Excretory system
5. Reproductive system
6. Circulatory system
7. Respiratory system
8. Skeletal system
9. Immune system
10. Nervous system
11. Endocrine system
- Digestive system-
• Digestive system is made up of mouth, salivary gland, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver etc.
• They are present in digestive system and they do their specific function.
- Muscular system-
• In this system based on movement of different par of body.
• There are rules of muscle are present in muscular system.
1. Smooth muscle
2. Skeletal muscle
3. Cardiac muscle
- Integumentary system
• Skin, hair, nails, are included in this system which help to provide protection to the body.
- Excretory system
• This system excretes the unnecessary waste products out of the body.
• Major organ of excretory system are kidney, urethra, urinary etc. Some accessory organ like skin, lungs, large intestine are involve in wastes from the body.
- Reproductive system-
• Primary function of male and female reproductive system
1. Male reproductive system-
• It consists of testes , urethra, penis, ductus deferens, etc.
• Function of male and female reproductive system are produce sperm, storage of sperm, male sex hormones, transfer of sperm, to the female for fertilization.
2. Female reproductive system-
• It includes ovaries, urethra accessory gland etc.
• Function of female reproductive system are –
- female sex hormones produce by ovaries
- fertilization of ovum occurs in the fallopian tube.
6. Circulatory system-
• It consists two system
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Lymphatic system
1. Cardiovascular system-
This system includes Hot come on blood and blood vessels . Bloody stronger by heart to lungs another body.
2. Lymphatic system
This this system includes lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and spleen. This system is responsible for disposal of blood cell debris.
7. Respiratory system
• Bad of this book assistant are sinses, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
• Function of respiratory system it is delivered oxygen and carbon the oxide . Gaseous exchanged takes place which gives blood always supply with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
8. Skeletal system
• this system provides structural framework to the body provide protection to the internal organs. various part of the skeletal system includes the bones, joint, ligament, cartilage, and tendons.
9. Immune system
• Along lymphatic system it provide immunity against disease and infection.
10.Nervous system
• Nerves, special sense organs, spinal cord, and brain are part of nervous system that coordinate all the action of the body.
11.Endocrine system
• Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, and other endocrine or grandular tissue are include in endocrine system.
• Endocrine gland control various structural and functional alteration furing growth and development of an individual.
Basic life process
• Human body perform different physiological functions for it survival and reproduction
• all the living organism have some different life processes which are different from those of non living.
The basic life processes :-
1. Organisation :-
• All the organisational level of human body heat component work to perform it sounds function in coordination with other components.
• If a single cell does not cooperate with the other cell , then it loses its integrity and become dead.
2. Metabolism :-
• Metabolism is divide into two phase:-
1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism
Catabolism – in catabolism macro and complex molecule are broken down into macro and simpler.
Anabolism- in anabolism is the process of construction involving formation of complex molecule by simpler molecules.
3. Responsiveness :-
It is the body ability to detect and respond to change its internal or external environment.
• Ex – decreasing body temperature ----------- internal environment.
4. Movement :-
Different type of movement are performed in z body at each organisational level.
• For ex- movement of molecules from one place to another place at a cellular level , movement of blood from one part to another part of the body.
5. Reproduction :-
reproduction is process the formation of new cell for the replacement and repair of old cell.
6. Growth :-
It is recognised as increase the size either by increasing the number of cell or their size.
7. Differentiation :-
It is the process of development in which the cell get specialised either functionally, structurally or by both.
8. Respiration :-
All the external and internal (cellular) process engaged in the gaseous exchange are together termed as respiration.
9. Digestion :-
Digestion involved in degradation of macromolecular and micro molecule and their absorption in the blood.
10. Excretion :-
Process of removal of waste product from the body is known as excretion.
Homeostasis :-
• It is derived from greek word – “homeo” means “the same” and “statis” means “standing”
• Defination – it the condition of equilibrium in the body internal environment example blood sugar level.
• Homeostasis is formed is defined as state of dynamic equilibrium that maintain a contain internal physiological environment of body constant with respect to the changing external environment condition .
Control of homeostasis
All the body organs coordinate with each other to maintain homeostasis
• This coordination is mainly e controlled by neuroendocrine system.
The mechanism of homeostasis controlled three component.
1. Receptors :- this is the first component it is a type of sensor, which receive environment changes or other stimuli and transfer them to the control centre.
2. Control centre :- this is stimuli received by receptors are sent to the control centre along with different pathway.
3. Effectors :- it is a third component, where the response of the stimulus can be seen
• The resultant of stimulus in turn produces responses either by positive or negative feedback.
Negative feedback mechanism
1. most of the mechanism involved in homeostasis are controlled by negative feedback.
2. the final result of response is reduced the intensity of the original stimulus for to shut it off.
3. Ex- hypothalamus regulate the temperature of the body by negative feedback mechanism.
Positive feedback mechanism
1. Feedback system resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal.
2. Break down the homeostasis of the system.
3. Less common but occur in specific solution example childbirth blood clotting
• Basic anatomical terminology
• In medical science, section of the body are generally referred to as anatomical plane.
• These planes are imaginary lines like vertical or horizontal drawn thrown an upright position of body
• Anatomical terminology study under three group
1. Directional terms
2. Sectional planes / planes of body
3. Body cavity
1. Directional terms :- ( 8 position are there)
Directional terms are used to locate 1 body structure with respect to other
- The anatomical position of human can be described with the help of following terms :-
- 1. Superior ( upper, cranial) End :- as the end of the head lies in the upper most position therefore it is known as superior end.
- 2. Inferior ( lower) end :- this part start from the extremity of the main body of the trunk along the legs in the downward direction or ground.
- 3. Anterior end :- anterior and of the body include the body part present on front side
- This involves check nipples abdomen and external genitalia.
- 4. Posterior End :- it includes body part present on the backside, that is vertebral column which is known as backbone commerce shoulder blade and buttocks.
- 5. Supine position :- in this position the face towards the upper side (roof) while the back face downward.
- 6. Prone position :- face focusing downward or towards the ground is known as prone position.
- 7. Medial position :- medal plane is defined as the imaginary line passing through a longitudinal axis of the body.
- 8. Lateral position :- it is defined as the anatomical position of the body in which it is divided into two fragments through the midline and the body structure.
Planes of the body ( 4vplanes present in body)
• There are various planes in human body is classified as:-
- Sagittal plane ,. 2. Horizontal plane ,. 3. Coronal plane,. 4. Lithotomy plane.
1. Sagittal plane :- from top to down and imaginary line slicing the body into two halves with erratic proportion is drawn.
A mid sagittal plane runs parallel to the medial plane.
- Horizontal plane :- the horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and passes through the body at the 90 degree angle to both coronal and medial plane.
- Coronal :- it divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) by passing through the body at right angle to the the media system.
- Lithotomy position :- in this position the individual is lying on the back ok with Thigh fully stretched and knees directed towards the roof.
BODY CAVITY :-
Cavities are spaces of the body containing viscera and internal organs.
There are to main cavity of the body dorsal cavity and ventral cavity.
Ventral cavity is a large cavity, which is further subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.
Both cavity are separated buy dome shaped respiratory muscle called diaphragm.
----- the different type of cavities are :-
1. Thoracic cavity :- thoracic cavity is present ventrally on the upper side of the body. It is also known as chest cavity. The chest cavity e is attached to diaphragm.
This cavity contain trachea, lungs, heart, nerves etc.
2. Abdominal and palvic cavity :- ventral cavity is also known as abdominal pelvic cavity.
This cavity is divided into two parts:-
a. Abdominal cavity:- this cavity attached by both wall, this cavity contain track, kidney and adrenal glands.
b. Pelvic cavity :- in this cab in this cavity contain maximum part of euro genital system as well as rectum.
3. Dorsal cavity :- in this cavity the organs are situated more poster really with the within the body.
--- The dorsal cavity is divided into 2 parts :-
- The first part includes the upper portion which houses the brain.
- Where is the second part include the lower portion which houses the spinal cord.
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