Notes for pharmacy

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM INTRODUCTION • The lymphatic system forms a closed network of lymph vessels through which lymph circulates all over the body.  • The flow of lymphatic fluid is unidirectional, from tissue spaces to the blood. • By circulation of lymphatic fluid, the body is protected against harmful agents.  • Interstitial fluid is produced by filtration of components of the blood plasma through the walls of blood capillary. • This interstitial fluid is then termed as lymph as it moves into the lymphatic vessels. • The lymphatic system consists of: 1) Lymph, a fluid 2) Lymphatic vessels that transport the lymph.  3) Lymph nodes through which lymph passes before retuming to the blood. 4) A number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue, e.g. spleen and thymus  5) Red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into various types of blood cells, including lymphocytes. 6) Diffuse lymphoid tissue, e.g. tonsils.   Lymphatic Organs And Tissues Immune system is a complex sy

Compartment of body fluid Almost 55% and 60% of the total mass in female and males respectively is made up of body fluids. The body fluid is present in two compartments does it is divided into two types :- 1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) or crytosol It is the fluid present within the cell and make up around two third of body fluid. 2. Extracellular fluid ( ECF) :- -it is present outside the cell include the rest of the body fluid. ---. Extracellular fluid :- • Plasma and interstitial fluid makeup the extracellular fluid. • The interstitial fluid surrounds the cells while the plasma is found within the body vessels. • extracellular fluid also include a small volume of lymph and transcellular fluid. • Interstitial fluid make up around 80% of the ecf and lodges the microscopic spaces between the tissue cell. • Remaining 20% of ecf is made up of plasma which is the liquid part of blood. Intracellular Fluid  •  fluid account largest volume of the body. • it includes the

JOINTS Joint is a point of contact between bones and cartilage or between bone and teeth. the site where more than two bones made to carry out the movement is known as joint or articulation. More than hundred type of joint are present in the human body. Some joint have no movement ( fibrous) , some have only slight movement (cartilaginous) , and some are freely moveable (synovial) Asthrology :- is the science considered concerned with the study of anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joint and articulation. Classification of joints :- Joints are classified on the basis of structure and function:- 1- Structural classification of joints Structural classification is based on the material that hold the join together and whether or not a cavity is present in the joint. - structurally joints are of three types :-  Fibrous joint - there is no saddle joint and the bones are held together by fibrous joint. Cartilage joint - there is no synovial joint cavity and bones  are

Function of the skeletal summery  1. Protection :-  cranium protects the soft tissue of the brain. 2. Movement :- the vertebrae allow us to band stretch and rotate our body. 3. Blood production :- red blood cell are made in the ribs and limbs bone. 4. Support :- the bones of the leg support the body. The vertebrae supports the head. 5. Protection :- the ribcage protects delicate heart and lungs. 6. Mineral storage - the bone act as a reserver staring vital minerals such as calcium. BONES :-  Osteology is the study of bones and teeth. osteology is usually applied in field in anthropology forensic science and archaeology for function like determination of nutritional value health and also to determine the position of bone within the body. Types of bones  • the femur is an example of a long bone. • The frontal bone is a flat bone. • The patella also called the kneecap is sesamoid bone. • Carpals and tarsals are example of short bones. • Vertebrates are example of irregula

Introduction •The integumentary system includes skin and its appendages (hair,nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands).  •The meaning of word integumentary "covering".  • Skin is also referred to as the cutaneous membrane, an outermost protective covering of the body. •integumentary system covers 3,000 square inches of surface area in average adult.   Skin Skin is the largest organ of human body.  •It is also known as the integument.  •It has a surface area of 1.8m and comprises of 16% of the total body weight) • Skin performs various functions out of which, the most important one is its action as a barrier to the external environment during selective inward and outward movement of water, electrolytes, etc. • It also provides protection by restricting the entry of microbes, UV rays, harmful chemicals and mechanical wear and tear). •The skin is made up of three distinct structural layers, viz.,  epidermis, dermis, and  hypodermis.  • The derivatives of skin includ